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Laboratory Diagnosis Test 2A
KRS STUDY GUIDES : Quiz Questions : Wells vasconstriction, platlet activation/aggregation (primary), blood coagulation (secondary) Adhesion, release, aggregation, provision of phospholipid surfaces Platelet aggregation & vasoconstrictor organizes & promotes interaction of clotting factors blood proteins reactions through a cascade process 10. intrinsic, extrinsic, common 11. Tissue factor exposure post endothelium trauma 12. Collegen exposure post endothelium trauma 13. Activators, Vit K dependent factors, cofactors, fibrinogen 14. Factor VII :: Contact phase proteins 15. Factor II, VII, IX, X :: Prothrombin 16. liver, Carboxylase, Ca binding and enzymatic activity 17. Coumadin (anti-coagulants) 18. fibrin, clot 20. degrads fibrin (thus no more clots) 21. Antithrombin III 23. 20,000 24. Platlet function (adhesion & aggregation) & qualitative defects 27. Decrease platlet production (decrease megakaryocytes) from platelet destruction (more megas) 28. Prothrombin Time (PT) 31. APTT 32. bovine toxine 33. Fibrinogen to fibrin, inadequate conversion (dysfibrinogemia) 35. Decrease platelets, abnormal platelets 36. decreased bone marrow production, increased peripheral destruction 37. autoantibody, platelets, heparin/drugs 38. Decrease platelets, normal PT/APTT & bone marrow, positive anti-platelets 39. overactive coagulation --> too many clots --> infactions or hemmorhage 40. during traumatic tissue damage 41. Decrease platelets & fibrinogen, Increase PT/APTT 43. deficient VQ factor 44. Cofactor for factor VIII activity and platelet adhesion/aggregation 45. BT increased, decreased aggregation, antigens, normal platelets, increase APTT www.chiropracticstudent.org P a g e | 1
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KRS STUDY GUIDES : Quiz Questions : Wells 46. decreased activity of procoagulants (bleed) , decreased anticoagulants (infarct) 47. joints 48. Portal HTN or Hepatocellular damage = disrupted coagulation factors synthesized in the liver 49. X linked (so men get it more) 50. factor VIII, increased 51. Factor IX, increased LIPIDS & CARDIAC MONITORING 53. lipid transport packages (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL) 54. protein portion that perform functions necessary for lipid metabolism 55. triglycerides 56. fastin 57. atherosclerosis, heart disease (especially women) 58. +45men/+55female, family history, current smoking, hypertension, DM, HDL/LDL imbalance 59. Lipoprotein Electrophoresis 60. Type IIB 63. phospholipids 64. lipoproteins 65. hepatocyte LDL receptors (physio), feedback inhibition (diet) 66. acquired disorders of increased lipoprotein synthesis due to an underlying disorders 67. HDL 68. Diet :: alcohol, DM, Renal failure 69. Less than 200 mg/dl 70. less than 130 mg/dl 71. more than 55 mg /dl 72. inversly 74. 15-20 minutes 75. 1) Jeopardy, 2) injury, 3) infarction 76. Chronic IHD, angina pectoris, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 78. less than 200 mg/dl, variate :: Fasting 79. History of chest pain, ECG changes, typical cardiac enzyme rises/peaks/returns to reference ranges 81. Creatine Kinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Aspartate Aminotransverase 82. during irreversible damage 83. Cardiac markers have characteristic rise, peaks, and normalizy return periods 85. elevates in various diseases (not just MI) 86. CKMB (CK2) :: It's fast (even if its not the most accurate) 87. Rise (2-6hrs), Peak (12-24hrs), Normalizes (2 days) 88. CK-MB1 & CK-MB2 :: Usually even ratio, in MI the ratio is altered www.chiropracticstudent.org P a g e | 2
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KRS STUDY GUIDES : Quiz Questions : Wells 91. LD1 & LD2 :: cardiac muscle, kidneys, & RBCs 93. SGOT :: transaminase :: liver, skelatal, cardiac muscle 96. Troponin TnT 97. Increase WBC/Neutrophils :: to clean up dead cells 98. yes (up to 2 weeks) ELECTROLYTES 99. Chloride, Bicarbonate, lactate :: Anions 101. Maintain Osmotic pressure/pH/muscles, oxidation-reduction reactions, act as cofactors to enzymes 102. Sodium :: maintain water distrobution & osmotic pressure 103. Potassium :: cellular metabolism, neuromuscular function 104. When there are increased glucose and insulin levels (ready to metabolize!) 107. calcium moves into cells as HCO3 leaves 108. Bicarbonate (HCO3) 109. to ddx metabolic acidosis :: lactic or ketoacidosis 110. 2/3 111. ingestion, excretion, renal contribution, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone 112. permability of collecting ducts, reabsorption of water 113. sodium, chloride, urea, and glucose 114. dehydration, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia 115. excessive sodium in blood 116. Depletional (acidosis, addison's), delutional (edema, Congestive hear failure) 117. Hyperkalemia 118. dehydration and diabetic ketoacidosis 119. alkalosis & insulin therapy CARBOHYDRATES 120. starch, maltose 121. anaerobic conversion of glucose into pyruvate/lactate (for ATP) 122. glycogen from glucose (stored in liver & muscle) 123. Glycogen into glucose (for energy) 124. Glucose from noncarbohydrate sources 125. lowers 126. Glucagon, IGF, GH, cortisol, catecholamines, ACTH 127. Beta, proinsulin, insulin & inactive C-peptide 129. muscular wall of arteries, diabetic neuropathy & nephropathy 131. glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis www.chiropracticstudent.org P a g e | 3
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KRS STUDY GUIDES : Quiz Questions : Wells 133. Type II 134. epinephrine, adrenal medulla, glycogenolysis 137. Type I IDDM, Type I IDDM 138. insulin deficiency, beta cells 139. Type I 140. No, Yes 141. production, peripheral insulin resistance 142. Obesity, extremity pain, VISION disturbance 144. Universal screening (24 & 28 week of gestation) 145. Cushing's Syndrome 146. Carbohydrate pathways, glycolysis 147. Headache, Poly's, Kussmaul Breaths, Vommitting, & fruity breath 148. Rapid deep breathing (to push acids out, CO2), as progresses it slows down 150. Excessive Insulin (1000+ mg/dl) leads to dehydration :: Type II diabetics 151. 65-110 mg/dl, diagnose & monitor DM 152. Fasting 126+ twice, or Fasting 126+ and classic symptoms 153. impaired fasting glucose tolerance 154. glucose loading test that measures ability to produce insulin 155. DM, Gestational DM, and hypoglycemia 158. gestational diabetes 159. Glycated/Glycosalated Hemoglobin 160. 1-2 months :: Glucose-modifed proteins 161. Hgb A1C :: Less than 7.25% WBC DISORDERS 162. Leukopoiesis 163. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils 165. shift to the left 166. Seg, Granulocyte, PMN 171. macrophages, years 172. proliferate 173. phagocytosis, enzyme filled granules 174. Surface Fc receptor on IgG's and complement 175. Secrete mediators of inflammation (CSF, IL-1, Complement components) www.chiropracticstudent.org P a g e | 4
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KRS STUDY GUIDES : Quiz Questions : Wells 176. peripheral lymphoid tissues 177. Lympocytes 178. antibodies, macrophages, cytotoxic properties of T cells 179. T-cells 180. CD4 181. CD8 :: antigen dependent lysis & modulate immune reactions 182. Natural Killer Cells 183. Increased number in circulation 186. Total WBC * % of cell type 187. relative :: absolute number 188. Neutro, Lympho, Mono, Eosino, Baso 189. Cytochemical stains, Flow cytometry, & bone marrow examination 190. WBC 191. acute bacterial 192. WBC of 50,000+ or more than 5% immature cells 193. Severe bacterial, bone tumor destruction, hemolysis or tissue destruction, & corticosteroid treatment 196. reactive (react to virus), mononucleous 197. Large w/ irregular nucleus & clear/basophilic cytoplasm 198. IgM 200. Allergic & parasitic reactions 201. Acute inflammatory, stress, corticosteroid use 202. Eosinopenia & Neutrophilia 203. Malignancy of marrow origin w/ unregulated proliferation of cells 204. Malignancy of lymphocyte origin 205. Myelocytic, Myelogenous, Nonlymphocytic 206. Lymphocytic 207. Elevated/Normal, Normocytic/chromic, usually decreased 208. Elevated, Normocytic/chromic, Normal/Increased 209. Acute :: Low platlet 210. Acute Leukemias :: Blasts 211. 30% or more blasts cells in Bone Marrow 212. Low grade fever, weakness, anemia/bleeding, infection, bone pain 213. 101 F 214. lymphoblasts, children 215. Marrow & peripheral smear (better w/ cytochemical staining) 216. Myelogenous/immature myeloid series, Middle age + 217. Marrow cells replaced by immature then spill into periphery 219. Routine physical or for nonspecific complaints (fatigue, enlarge nodes) 220. Mostly Mature (but not quite right) 221. 50 yr old adults, Philidephia Chromosome www.chiropracticstudent.org P a g e | 5
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KRS STUDY GUIDES : Quiz Questions : Wells 222. Fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, H/A, splenomegaly 223. blast crisis, blast cells, 2-6 months 224. 50k-300k 225. #9 switches with #22 226. CLL :: CLL 227. mature lymphocytes (usually B), plasma cells 228. Hypogammaglobulinemia --> no antibodies, get sick loads! 229. Hypercellular w/ mature lymphocytes www.chiropracticstudent.org P a g e | 6
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