Thursday 3 May 9h00 Welcome address 1st session: New aspects of cell metabolism during IRI Chairs: Stefan G. Tullius (Boston, USA), Henri Leuvenink (Groningen, The Netherlands) Keynote lecture Invited speaker: Thierry Hauet (Poitiers, France) O1 – 0002 An angiogenic response activated by the unfolded protein response during renal ischemia independently of HIF-1alpha N. Bouvier, S. Fougeray, E. Thervet, N. Pallet (Paris, France) O2 – 0014 Upregulation of HIF-1 alpha attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through HIF-1 alpha -iNOS- PGC-1alpha pathway Y. Guo, L. Feng, T. Yang, J. Shan, G. Sun, S. Li, Y. Li (Chengdu, China) O3 – 0076 PKC alpha/beta inhibition attenuates hypoxia induced interstitial renal fibrosis and inflammation via reduced activation of TGF-beta signaling X. Lu, S. Rong, N. Shushakova, J. Menne, T. Kirsch, H. Haller, F. Güler (Hannover, Germany) O4 – 0050 Cyclosporin A and Metformin inhibit ischemia-reperfusion injury on INS-1 cells through permeability transition pore inhibition. S. Lablanche, C. Cottet, F. Lamarche, P-Y. Benhamou, E. Fontaine (Grenoble, France) O5 – 0015 Transition from reversible to irreversible injury following prolonged myocardial hypothermic preservation. Implication of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. F. Collet, L. Sebbag, J-F. Obadia, M. Ovize, R. Ferrera (Lyon, France) O6 – 0033 Hypercholesterolemia promotes intrarenal remodeling in a porcine auto-transplanted kidney model. F. Favreau, N. Chatauret, S. Giraud, W. Hebrard, S. Joffrion, J. Cau, T. Hauet (Poitiers, France) 10h30 – 11h00: Break
2nd session: Immunological consequences of IRI Chairs: Peter Friend (Oxford, UK), Benoit Barrou (Paris, France) Keynote Lecture Invited speaker: Stefan G. Tullius (Boston, USA) “Immunological consequences of ischemia/reperfusion injury” O7 – 0023 Involvement of IgM natural antibodies in renal ischaemia reperfusion injury: a potential new therapeutic target? D. Ferenbach, D. Kluth, J. Hughes (Edinburgh, UK) O8 – 0046 IL-17 producing unconventional T cells contribute to hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury E. Eggenhofer, M-H. Dahlke, M. Melter, M. Scherer, H-J. Schlitt, E. K Geissler (Regensburg, Germany) O9 – 0011 IL-33 exacerbates liver ischemia-reperfusion injury Z. Ping, X. Li, Y. Lin, D. Lihua, Y. Yan, F. Min, G. Feili, Y. Jun (Yichang City, China) O10 – 0060 Feasibility of continuous ex vivo kidney perfusion with mesenchymal stem cells to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice P. Renner, E. Eggenhofer, F. Popp, E. Geissler, H-J. Schlitt, M-H. Dahlke (Regensburg, Germany) O11 – 0008 Cultured human MSCs secretome contains anti inflammatory cytokines and reduces in vitro ischemia reperfusion lesions and T lymphocyte proliferation after allogeneic stimulation. D. Angoulvant, C. Lequeux, L. Denis, M. Abrial, F. Ivanes, V. Dubois, T. Bejan-Angoulvant, R. Ferrera, J. Bienvenu, M. Ovize, L. Sebbag (Tours, France) O12 – 0059 Involvement of HMGB1 alarmin and IL33/ST2 pathway after ischemia reperfusion in human renal transplantation A. Thierry, S. Giraud, A. Robin, V. Ameteau, F. Bridoux, G. Touchard, A. Herbelin, T. Hauet, J-M. Gombert (Poitiers, France) 12h30 – 13h30 : Symposium Functional mechanisms of hypothermic machine perfusion Symposium organized by Organ Recovery Systems
Integration of time-honored principles of hypothermic cellular protection with modern day modalities of organ preservation
Possible mechanisms of machine perfusion
13h30 – 14h15: LUNCH 14h30 3rd session: New trends for additives to preservation solutions Chairs: Thierry Hauet (Poitiers, France), Dirk Van Raemdonk (Leuven, Belgium) Keynote Lecture Invited speaker: Raphael Thuillier (Poitiers, France) “New trends for additives to preservation solutions” O13 - 0032 Kidney preservation with cardiotrophin-1 prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury and inflammatory response in a syngeneic rat kidney transplant model. M-B. García-Cenador, J-M. López-Novoa, M-P. de Obanos, J. Ruiz, J-R. Sanz-Gimenez-Rico, J-F. López Marcos, F-J. García-Criado (Salamanca, Spain) O14 – 0074 Superior lung preservation with a polyethylene glycol based solution in a porcine single lung transplant model A. Olland, A. Neyrinck, M. Benahmed, T. Boogmans, A. Stanzi, K. Elbayed, S. Wauters, G. Verleden, I. Namer, D. Van Raemdonck (Leuven, Belgium) O15 – 0013 Intraluminal polyethylene glycol stabilizes the tight junctions and improves intestinal preservation in the rat M. Oltean, E. Björkman, A. Casselbrand, M. Joshi, M. Olausson (Gothenburg, Sweden) O16 – 0031 Impact of preservation solution on grafts and postoperative organ failures following liver transplantation. H. Brisson, C. Arbelot, C. Vezinet, Q. Lu, D. Eyraud, E. Savier, C. Parizot, J-C. Vaillant, L. Hannoun, G. Gorochov, J-J. Rouby (Paris, France) O17 - 0037 Potential benefits of the supplementation of machine perfusion solution with Arenicola Marina hemoglobin for the preservation of porcine kidney grafts subjected to warm ischemia. P-O. Delpech, N. Chatauret, W. Hébrard, S. Joffrion, D. Dutheil, F. Zal, T. Hauet (Poitiers, France) O18 – 0064 The novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ ameliorates renal ischaemia reperfusion injury in a murine model A. Dare, T. Prime, A. Logan, E. Bolton, J-A. Bradley, K. Saeb-Parsy, M. Murphy (Cambridge, UK) 16h00 – 16h30: Break 4th session: Machine perfusion: Why and How ? Chairs: Ina Jochmans (Leuven, Belgium), Lionel Badet (Lyon, France) Keynote Lecture Invited speaker: Henri Leuvenink (Groningen, The Netherlands) “Machine Perfusion, Current Satus and Future Directions”
O19 – 0041 One-year transplantation results of kidneys preserved by machine perfusion – LifePort Kidney Transporter versus Waters RM3 - Prospective study M. Wszola, P. Domagala, P. Diuwe, A. Kwiatkowski, L. Gorski, R. Kieszek, A. Berman, A. Perkowska-Ptasinska, M. Durlik, L. Paczek, A. Chmura (Warsaw, Poland) O20 – 0044 Coating of the vessel wall with macromolecular heparin during cold machine perfusion A. Sedigh, R. Larsson, G. Tuvfeson, T. Lorant (Uppsala, Sweden)
O21 – 0030 Pneumatic control and monitoring for kidney perfusion in a NMR compatible system R. Ruttimann, F. Lazeyras, A. Nastasi, L. Buhler, P. Morel, J-B. Buchs (Geneva, Switzerland) O22 – 0040 The final showdown: Preclinical comparison between perfusion machines ORS Lifeport and waters RM3 R. Codas, R. Thuillier, P-O. Delpech, B. Barrou, L. Badet, T. Hauet (Poitiers, France) 17h45 – 18h45: Poster session with wine and cheese New aspects of cell metabolism during IRI / Immunological consequences of IRI Chairs: New trends for additives to preservation solutions / Machine perfusion: Why and How ? Chairs: Management of brain dead donors / Donors after cardiocirculatory death Chairs: Organ Ex vivo repair / Pre/Post Conditioning Chairs: CONGRESS DINNER at the Kadelicescope in the Futuroscope Park
Friday 4 May 8h30 5th session: Management of brain dead donors Chairs: Constantino Fondevila (Barcelona, Spain), René Robert (Poitiers, France) Keynote Lecture Invited speaker: Rutger Ploeg (Oxford, UK) “The success of transplantation begins before donation”
O23 – 0029 Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Decreases Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury D. Guerrieri, N. Ambrosi, H. Romeo, F. Cicora, F. Toniolo, P. Cicora, C. Incardona, E. Chuluyan (Buenos Aires, Argentina) O24 – 0066 Donor pretreatment with methylprednisolone reduces brain-death induced renal injury before organ retrieval P. Ottens, J. Damman, B. Liu, M. Seelen, H. Van Goor, S. Veldhuis, R. Ploeg, H. Leuvenink (Groningen, The Netherlands) O25 – 0069 Angiopoietin in living and deceased brain dead kidney donors W-H. Westendorp, L-G. Koudstaal, J. Damman, J.G. Burgerhof, M-A. Seelen, H. Van Goor, R-J. Ploeg, H-G. Leuvenink (Groningen, The Netherlands) O26 – 0061 Effect of preconditioning with triiodothyronine on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury C. Ferreyra Lanatta, R. Pérez Abud, F. O´Valle, J-M. Osorio, F. Vargas, I. Rodriguez, A. Osuna (Granada, Spain) O27 – 0017 Diazoxide attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 after liver transplantation in rats HF. Huang, Z. Zeng, F. He, MQ. Chen (Kunming, China) O28 – 0007 Effects of anaesthetic preconditioning plus postconditioning with sevoflurane in warm liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats J. Avancini Rocha Filho, E.R. Ramos Figueira, B. Beck Schimmer, V. Oliveira Andre, M. Felipe de Souza Buto, M. Nakatani, F.J. Gonçalves Prado, M.J. Carvalho Carmona, P-A. Clavien, L.A. Carneiro D’Albuquerque (Sao Paulo, Brazil) O29 – 0047 Protective effects of remote and classical post-conditioning on ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury M. Kadkhodaee, A. Najafi, B. Seifi (Tehran, Iran)
6th session: Donors after cardiocirculatory death Chairs: Rutger Ploeg (Oxford, UK), Diethard Monbaliu (Leuven, Belgium) Keynote Lecture Management of uncontrolled DCD Invited speakers: Benoit Barrou (kidney)(Paris, France), “How to perfuse the organs of uncontrolled DCDs: is normothermic ECMO worth the complexity ?” Constantino Fondevila (liver)(Barcelona, Spain) “Liver transplantation from uncontrolled DCD donors” 10h35 – 11h05: Break Management of controlled DCD Invited speaker: Diethard Monbaliu (Leuven, Belgium) “Organ transplantation from controlled DCD donors: donor management, outcome and pitfalls” O30 – 0021 Randomised controlled trial of the effects of hydrogen sulphide in renal ischaemia reperfusion injury. J. P. Hunter, S. A Hosgood, M. Patel, M. L. Nicholson (Leicester, UK) O31 – 0027 Non-heart-beating donors: preliminary study on an isolated perfused swine heart harvested after 20 minutes of normothermic ischemia A. Piccardo, M. Desrois, E. Zogheib, C. Dalmasso, C. Lan, D. Fourré, M. Bernard, T. Caus (Amiens, France) O32 – 0056 Cardiac Tolerance to Warm, Global Ischemia is improved with Mild Hypothermia Following Ischemic Arrest M. Stadelmann, M. Dornbierer, D. Clément, B. Gahl, F. Dick, T. Carrel, H. Tevaearai, S. Longnus (Berne, Switzerland) O33 – 0071 Outcome after liver transplantation using controlled donation after cardiac death donors: A single- center experience N. Meurisse, S. Vanden Bussche, I. Jochmans, V. Heedfeld, J. Francois, B. Desschans, G. Van Helleputte, N. Grossen, D. Claes, J. De Roey, S. Dirix, R. Aerts, W. Laleman, S. Van der merwe, C. Verslype, D. Cassiman, W. Vansteenbergen, F. Nevens, J. Pirenne, D. Monbaliu (Leuven, Belgium) O34 – 0024 Kidney Graft Quality after Donation from Uncontrolled Deceased Donors After Cardiac Arrest R.Codas, W. Hanf, V. Meas-Yedid, B. Mac-Gregor, J. Berthiller, A. Hadj-Aissa, L. Badet, E. Morelon (Lyon, France) O35 – 0078 Impact of the delayed graft function on kidney graft survival in recipient with graft coming from donation after cardiocirculatory death R.Thuret, C. Billault, F. Thibault, E. Vanglabeke, K. Fehri, S. Bart, N. Arzouk, V. Gueutin, S. Hacini, S. Ourahma, M.O. Bitker, B. Barrou (Paris, France)
O36 – 0054 New model of kidney donation from uncontrolled donors O. Reznik, A. Scvortcov, A. Reznik, S. Bagnenko (St Petersburg, Russia) O37 – 0070 Kidney donation after circulatory death has not increased kidney transplant activity in Belgium - a comparative analysis with the Netherlands between 1995-2010 I. Jochmans, D. Monbaliu, A. Rahmel, J. Pirenne (Leuven, Belgium) 12h45 – 14h15: LUNCH 7th session: Organ Ex vivo repair Chairs: René Ferrera (Lyon, France), David Talbot (Newcastle, UK) Keynote Lecture Invited Speakers: Dirk Van Raemdonck (lungs)(Leuven, Belgium), “Ex vivo lung perfusion: Clinical applications” Peter Friend (liver)(Oxford, UK)
O38 – 0036 Tissue engineering for ex vivo repair of ischemically damaged tubule epithelium L. Brasile, P. Glowacki, B. Stubenitsky (New-York, USA) O39 – 0019 The first clinical series of normothermic perfusion in marginal donor kidney transplantation S. A Hosgood, M. L Nicholson (Leicester, UK) O40 – 0020 The biological effects of normothermic kidney perfusion on ischaemia reperfusion injury S. A Hosgood, T. Richards, M. Patel, M. L Nicholson (Leicester, UK) O41 – 0035 Potential for ex vivo renal repair L. Brasile, P. Glowacki, B. Stubenitsky (New-York, USA) Closing Address END OF CONGRESS 16h15
POSTERS New aspects of cell metabolism during IRI P1 – 0026 MicroRNA-21 up-regulate HIF-1 alpha expression in hepatocytes during ischemia injury by targeting PTEN J. Shan, H. Li, G. Sun, W. Wu, S. Li, D. Long, Y. Li, L. Feng (Chengdu, China) P2 – 0045 Downregulation of miR-20a decreases HIF-1 alpha and accelerates apoptosis in hypoxia G. Sun, L. Feng, J. Shan, Y. Guo, T. Yang, S. Li, Y. Li (Chengdu, China) P3 – 0077 Renal PKC epsilon deficiency attenuates ischemia reperfusion injury via impaired neutrophil infilatration and TNF alpha dependent apoptosis inhibition S. Rong, T. Kirsch, N. Shushakova, J. Menne, M. Leitges, H. Haller, F. Güler (Hannover, Germany) P4 – 0043 Effects of hepatic reperfusion injury on the gene expression of some cytochrome P450 isoforms in rat liver H. Ali Arab, J. Jamshidian, G. Nikbakht, F. Sasani, A. Afkhami (Tehran, Iran) P5 – 0025 OAT1/3 and renal ischemia and reperfusion: Evidence for a role of proximal tubular transporter expression on renal outcome. R. Schneider, M. Meusel, C. Held, C. Wanner, M. Gekle, C. Sauvant (Halle, Germany) P6 – 0009 Cannabidiol treatment ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion renal injury in rats A. Fouad, A. Al-Mulhim, I. Jresat (Saudi, Arabia) P7 – 0010 Effect of methylene blue on the hemodynamic instability resulting from liver ischemia and reperfusion in rabbits R . Rosique, M. Rosique, I. Rosique, L. Tirapelli, P. Évora (Sao Paulo, Brazil) P8 – 0057 Best temperature for static liver graft storage is 1°C an experimental study C. Charrueau, N. Neveux, J-C. Chaumeil, L. Hannoun, L. Cynober, E. Savier (Paris, France) P9 – 0001 Atp and other adenine nucleotide precursors measured in kidneys from DCD by 31p NMR spectroscopy, during hypothermic-oxygenated-pulsatile perfusion, to evaluate their viability J-B. Buchs, F. Lazeyras, L. Buehler, S. Moll, R. Ruttimann, A. Nastasi, P. Morel (Geneva, Switzerland) Immunological consequences of IRI P10 – 0016 Increased inflammation caused by hyperoxaluria leads to larger renal disfunction in an experimental model of ischemia and reperfusion R. Silva, M. Costa, M. Hiyane, M. Cenedeze, H. Pinheiro, N. Camara, A. Pacheco-Silva (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
P11 – 0034 Anti-rat anti-thymocyte globulin attenuates renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats P. Nesargikar, G. Chavez, B. Spiller, R. Chavez (Cardiff, UK) P12 – 0053 Comparison of Long Term effect of Thymoglobulin Treatment in Patients with High Risk of Delayed Graft Function L. Requião-Moura, E. Ferraz, A. Cristina Matos, E. Tonato, M. Durão, N. Camara, A. Pacheco-Silva (Sao Paulo, Brazil) Additives to preservations solutions P13 – 0075 Comparative study between Scot-15® and Perfadex® as lung preservation solutions A. Olland, C. Meers, M. Benahmed, K. Elbayed, S. Wauters, E. Verbeken, G. Verleden, I. Namer, D. Van Raemdonck (Leuven, Belgium) P14 – 0068 Naked Caspase-3 siRNA Is Effective in Cold Preservation, but not in Auto-transplantation of Porcine Kidneys C. Yang, Y. Jia, T. Zhao, Y. Xue, Z. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Qiu, M. Lin, D. Zhu, G. Qi, Y. Qiu, Q. Tang, R. Rong, M. Xu, S. Ni, M. Nicholson, T. Zhu, B. Yang (Leicester, UK) P15 – 0055 Organ preservation revisited: anticoagulation rescues borderline kidney grafts S. Tillet, S. Giraud, R. Thuillier, W. Hebrard, M. Petitou, T. Hauet (Poitiers, France) P16 – 0039 Effect of Cardiotrophin-1 on the tissue injury associate to cold ischemia and preservation of the heart and lung. L. Yaremi Quirós, R. Núñez Lozano, P. D Sánchez González, M.B. García Cenador, M.P. Pérez de Obanos, J. Ruiz, F.J. García Criado, J.M. López Novoa (Salamanca, Spain) P17 – 0042 Preliminary study of amniotic fluid stems cell therapy in kidney transplantation E. Baulier, F. Favreau, D. Bon, S. Giraud, S. Joffrion, A. Le Corf, M-L. Bonnet, W. Hebrard, A. Turhan, T. Hauet (Poitiers, France) P18 – 0048 A pilot, randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel groups, clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) in kidney transplantation J. Ruiz, M.M. Municio, O. Isidoro (Madrid, Spain) Machine Perfusion P19 – 0073 Analysis of preservation solution (KPS and UW) with High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy during cold preservation: comparison of metabolitc content during cold ischemia with machine perfusion and static storage. D. Bon, P-O. Delpech, T. Khalifeh, N. Boildieu, W. Hébrard, F. Seguin, T. Hauet (Poitiers, France) P20 – 0052 Hypothermic machine perfusion of human liver grafts: Comparison of single VS dual vessels perfusion. A. Jomaa, K. Gurusamy, P. Siriwardana, A. Winstanley, I. Claworth, H. Parkes, P. De Muylder, B. Fuller, B. Davidson (London, UK)
Brain dead donors P21 – 0018 MnTMPyP, a selective superoxide dismutase mimetic, reduces oxidative stress in brain dead donors D. Hoeksma, L. Van Dullemen, P. Ottens, S. Veldhuis, R. Ploeg, H. Leuvenink (Groningen, The Netherlands) P22 – 0049 Role of biochemical- and histological-based scores for the prediction of graft failure after liver transplantation G.B. Levi Sandri, Q. Lai, F. Melandro, N. Gugliemo, A. Molinaro, S. Ginanni Corradini, M. Rossi (Roma, Italy) Donors after cardiocirculatory death P23 – 0022 Early Urinary Biomarkers of warm and cold ischaemic injury in an experimental kidney model S. A Hosgood, J. P Hunter, M. L Nicholson (Leicester, UK) P24 – 0058 Evaluation of cardiac grafts from non-heart-beating donors : Early reperfusion hemodynamic parameters predict contractile recovery in isolated rat hearts M. Dornbierer, M. Stadelmann, J. Sourdon, B. Gahl, S. Cook, T. Carrel, H. Tevaearai, S. Longnus (Berne, Switzerland) P25 – 0038 Dual kidney transplantation from uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest (uDDCA) R. Codas, W. Hanf, B. Mac Gregor, V. Meas Yedid, A. Hadj Aissa, J. Berthiller, G. Perrat, F. Buron, F. Mraiagh, C. Chauvet, P. Petruzzo, E. Morelon, L. Badet (Lyon, France) P26 – 0065 Prolonged cold ischaemia potentiates the mitochondrial damage that occurs during warm ischaemia in rat kidneys A. Dare, T. Prime, K. Saeb-Parsy, M. Murphy (Cambridge, UK) P27 – 0005 Hemodynamic study of the portal venous system in a model of warm liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats M.F. de Souza Buto, E.R. Ramos Figueira, J. Avancini Rocha Filho, M. Nakatani, E. Ryoiti Tatebe, V. Oliveira Andre, A. Rodrigues de Carvalho Martins, R. Jureidini, M.J. Carvalho Carmona, T. Bacchella, E. Chaib, I. Cecconello, L.A. Carneiro D’Albuquerque (Sao Paulo, Brazil) P28 – 0004 Metabolic changes in a model of warm liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats E. Ryoiti Tatebe, E.R. Ramos Figueira, J. Avancini Rocha Filho, V. Oliveira Andre, M. Nakatani, M.F. de Souza Buto, R. Jureidini, W. Andraus, T. Bacchella, E. Chaib, I. Cecconello, L.A. Carneiro D’Albuquerque (Sao Paulo, Brazil) Organ ex vivo repair P29 – 0067 Biomarkers assessing warm ischaemic injury using an isolated porcine kidney haemoreperfusion model B. Yang, S. Hosgood, Z. Da, S. Harper, H. Waller, M. Kay, P. Furness, M. Nicholson (Leicester, UK)
P30 – 0051 BacMam ; a novel gene delivery vector for ischaemia E. Locanto, R. B. Hitchman, L. A. King (Oxford, UK) P31 – 0062 Establishing a liver ex-vivo normothermic perfusion model: lessons learned. A. Nassar, G. D’Amico, P. Grady, M. Otto, K. Dympna, X. Zhu, J. Fung, C. Miller, C. Quintini (Cleveland, USA) Pre/Post conditioning P32 – 0006 Effects of anaesthetic preconditioning with sevoflurane in warm liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats E.R. Ramos Figueira, J. Avancini Rocha Filho, B. Beck Schimmer, M. Nakatani, E. Ryoiti Tatebe, V. Oliveira Andre, F.J. Gonçalves Prado, M.J. Carvalho Carmona, P-A. Clavien, L. Augusto Carneiro D’Albuquerque (Sao Paulo, Brazil) P33 – 0028 Ozone postconditioning in renal ischaemia-reperfusion model. Functional and morphological evidences A. Fernández Iglesias, L. González Núñez, S. Rodriguez Salgueiro, J.L. Calunga Fernández, E. Santos Febles (La Habana, Cuba) P34 – 0063 Intermittent Selective Clamping enhances liver tolerance to Ischemia/Reperfusion: a powerful protective modality in the field of living-related liver transplantation I. Benmosbah, A. Corlu, H. Duval, S. Grandadam, C. Ribault, K. Boudjema, F. Morel, P. Compagnon (Rennes, France) P35 – 0012 The early protective effect of Ischemia preconditioning and glutamine pretreatment in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat I.Sung Moon, J. Kye Hwang, J. Il Kim (Seoul, Republic of Korea)
An Uncontrolled Clinical Trial for Treatment of An Uncontrolled Clinical Trial for Treatment of Total Words- 3023 Abstract- 237 words Although shown to be effective for their intended medical treatment, AAS have been shown to induce hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in adult males. The medical literature is conflicting in the reports of spontaneous return and long-term suppression of gona