Analgesics (pain relievers)

Route, Frequency and Other Abbreviations: IP = intraperitoneal IM = intramuscular IV = intravenous SQ = subcutaneous PO = “per os” (by mouth) BW = body weight SID = once a day (as close to every 24 hrs as possible) BID = twice a day (as close to every 12 hrs as possible) TID = three times a day (as close to every 8 hrs as possible) QID = four times a day (as close to every 6 hrs as possible) q X h(rs) = every X hours ANESTHETICS
COMMENTS
Of 1.25% solution1
0.2 ml/10 g BW
30 min duration; 60 – 90 min sleep time Recommended for minor survival procedures 30 min duration; 40 – 120 min sleep time Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Recommended for minor survival procedures 30 min duration; 60 – 120 min sleep time Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Recommended for minor survival procedures 20 – 30 min duration; 60 – 120 min sleep time 20 – 30 min duration; 60 – 120 min sleep time Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® 30 – 40 min duration; 60 – 120 min sleep time Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® Recommended for minor survival procedures 20 – 40 min duration; 120 – 180 min sleep time Followed by 25 mg/kg SQ for longer procedures (45-50 min) MOUSE REVERSAL AGENTS
1 No longer available commercially but can be made. For concentrated solution, (66 2/3 %), dissolve 1 g 2,2,2-tribromoethanol in 0.5 g amylene hydrate. Take 0.5 ml concentrate and mix with 39.5 ml sterile saline. This is now a 1.25% solution. If solution falls below pH 5.0, discard. Stored solutions are known to be unstable and potentially hepatotoxic. Frequent use may induce chemical peritonitis. Protect from light and store under refrigeration. 2 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 3 C-III controlled drug 4 C-IV controlled drug 5 C-II controlled drug 6 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery. Bell jars may be used for ultra-short non-survival procedures. The animals may not come into contact with the isoflurane and the use of a chemical fume hood is required. Isoflurane will fog and melt plastics. ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
May cause respiratory depression
No known efficacy or toxicity studies in 1 NSAID 2 Opioid 3 C-III controlled drug SEDATIVES
COMMENTS
Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Good immobilization, poor muscle relaxation Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® MOUSE REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 C-IV controlled drug ANESTHETICS
COMMENTS
10% solution; Minor survival surgery only
Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® Major survival surgery Major survival surgery RAT REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 C-IV controlled drug 4 C-II controlled drug 5 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery. Bell jars may be used for ultra-short non-survival procedures. The animals may not come into contact with the isoflurane and the use of a chemical fume hood is required. ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
May cause respiratory depression;
1 NSAID 2 Opioid 3 C-III controlled drug SEDATIVES
COMMENTS
Deep sedation, immobilization, mild to moderate analgesia Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Reversible with Antisedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® RAT REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-IV controlled drug 3 C-III controlled drug ANESTHETICS
COMMENTS
Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® Can be irritating
Apnea possible, esp. if given too quickly
Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) FERRET REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 C-IV controlled drug 4 C-II controlled drug 5 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery. ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
GI side effects; low-grade teratogen; may May cause respiratory depression
1 NSAID 2 Opioid 3 C-III controlled drug SEDATIVES
COMMENTS
Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® FERRET REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 C-IV controlled drug ANESTHETICS
COMMENTS
MAC = 2.05%
Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® Provides approx. 30% longer anesthesia and recovery than Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® RABBIT REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 C-IV controlled drug 4 C-II controlled drug 5 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery. ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
May cause respiratory depression;
1 NSAID 2 Opioid 3 C-III controlled drug 4 C-II controlled drug SEDATIVES
COMMENTS
Mild to moderate sedation; duration 4 hr Partially reversible Mild to moderate sedation; duration 4 hr Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine); lower end of dose range preferred
Moderate to deep sedation; duration 30 to 180 min Moderate to heavy sedation; duration 1 hr (IM) or 15 – 20 min Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Moderate to deep sedation; duration < 2 hr Moderate to profound sedation; duration 30 – 60 min Reversible with Antesedan® (atipamezole) or Yobine® RABBIT REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 C-IV controlled drug WOODCHUCKS
ANESTHETICS, SEDATIVES and ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
May cause respiratory depression
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 Opioid 4 NSAID 5 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery. NONHUMAN PRIMATE
ANESTHETICS
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
Often vomit on induction; surgical anesthesia Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) Provides ≤ 45 min restraint/anesthesia 200 – 600 µg/kg
Apnea common
Partially reversible with Yobine® (yohimbine) NONHUMAN PRIMATE REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 C-IV controlled drug 4 C-II controlled drug 5 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery. NONHUMAN PRIMATE
ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
May cause respiratory depression;
NONHUMAN PRIMATES
SEDATIVES
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
Provides ≤ 45 min restraint/anesthesia NONHUMAN PRIMATE REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 C-IV controlled drug ANESTHETICS
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
IV - Slowly, to effect
SWINE REVERSAL AGENTS
1 Ketamine used alone in mammals is not usually adequate for deep anesthesia. 2 C-IV controlled drug 3 C-II controlled drug 4 C-III controlled drug 5 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery. MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS – MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA TREATMENT
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
Give slowly; analgesic, antipyretic,
ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
May cause respiratory depression
50 ug/hr patch
1 NSAID 2 Opioid 3 C-III controlled drug 4 C-II controlled drug SEDATIVES
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
Max 15 mg total
SWINE REVERSAL AGENTS
AMPHIBIANS
SEDATIVES and ANESTHETICS
COMMENTS
For Larvae
Dissolve in ethanol or acetone before water. Use product from chemical suppliers or fish anesthetic preparations; do not use mammalian preparations For Frogs and Salamanders
Terrestrial species
Remove excess once anesthetized
Induction and recovery can be prolonged; variable response For Tadpoles & Newts
200 – 500 mg/l
0.02 - .0.05% solution to effect; buffer with NaHCO Na2HPO4; adjust pH to 7.0 – 7.4; use well-oxygenated, For Frogs, Salamanders
500 – 2000 mg/l
0.05 – 0.2% solution to effect; buffer with NaHCO 2HPO4; adjust pH to 7.0 – 7.4; use well-oxygenated, For Toads
0.1 – 0.3% solution to effect; buffer with NaHCO 1 – 3 g/l bath
Na2HPO4; adjust pH to 7.0 – 7.4; use well-oxygenated, 1 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery. 2 C-III controlled drug 3 Sample preparation protocol: Mix 2 grams of MS-222 with 34 to 50 ml of 0.5M Na2HPO4 (buffer) in 2 L of oxygenated water. Adjust pH to 7.0 – 7.4. Dilute as required with well-oxygenated, toxin-free water. REPTILES
ANESTHETICS, SEDATIVES and ANALGESICS
FREQUENCY
COMMENTS
Standard agent for reptiles but may hold their
breath and resist effects of exposure to
high concentrations of agent.
In anesthetic chamber +/- intubated after induction. Recover in room air (not pure O because reptiles are stimulated to breathe by decreasing O2 levels, not increasing CO2 In snapping turtles, provides better sedation inappropriate choice as sole agent for
general anesthesia

1 Survival procedures require the use of a precision vaporizer for isoflurane gas delivery.
2 Induction 10 - 30 minutes after injection. Prolonged recovery (24 – 96 hours)
3 C-III controlled drug
4 C-IV controlled drug
5 Consider metabolic scaling in reptiles; larger animals often require much SMALLER doses to achieve same result.
6 Opioid
7 NSAID
DCM FORMULARY REFERENCES
Allen, Dana G. (2005). Handbook of veterinary drugs, ed 3. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Bennett, R. Avery (1998). Reptile anesthesia. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 7(1):30-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1055-937X(98)80055-8 Carpenter, James W. (2005). Exotic animal formulary, ed 3. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. Fish, Richard E., Marilyn J. Brown, Peggy J. Danneman, & Alicia Z. Karas, Eds. (2008). Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals, ed 2. Burlington, MA: Academic Press. Flecknell, Paul. (2009). Laboratory animal anesthesia, ed 3. Burlington, MA: Academic Press. Flecknell, Paul & Avril Waterman-Pearson, Eds. (2000). Pain management in animals. London: W.B. Gaynor, James S. & William W. Muir, III. (2002). Handbook of veterinary pain management. St. Louis, MO: Harcourt-Brown, Frances. (2002). Textbook of rabbit medicine. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Hawk, C. Terrance, Steven L. Leary, & Timothy H. Morris. (2005). Formulary for laboratory animals, ed 3. accessed at 4:08 PM (EST) on Thursday, July 25, 2013. Lewington, John H. (2007). Ferret husbandry, medicine and surgery, ed 2. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier. Longley, L. A. (2008). Anaesthesia of exotic pets. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier. Oglesbee, Barbara L. (2006). The 5-minute veterinary consult: Ferret and rabbit. Ames, IA: Blackwell. Papich, Mark G. (2002). Saunders handbook of veterinary drugs. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. Plumb, Donald C. (2008). Plumb’s veterinary drug handbook, ed 6. Ames, IA: Blackwell.

Source: http://www.dcm.georgetown.edu/pdf/DCM_Formulary_7-26-13.01.pdf